Convert char to int in C and C++

Dean R.

—December 15, 2022

The ProblemJump To Solution

You have a variable of type char that actually represents an integer. For example; char three = '3'. You need to convert this char to an int so that you can use mathematical operations on it (for example, to be able to execute three + 1 and get 4 as a result).

The Solution

C and C++ store characters as integers using their underlying ASCII codes, so '0' is 48, '1' is 49, and so on. The easiest way to convert a single character to the integer it represents is to subtract the value of '0'. If we take '3' (ASCII code 51) and subtract '0' (ASCII code 48), we’ll be left with the integer 3, which is what we want.

You can do this in C as follows:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    char three_char = '3';
    int three_int = three_char - '0';
    int result = three_int + 1;

    printf("%c + 1 is %d\n", three_char, result);
}

This will output:

3 + 1 is 4

Or, equivalently, in C++:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {
    char three_char = '3';
    int three_int = three_char - '0';
    int result = three_int + 1;
    cout << three_char << " + 1 is " << result << endl;
    return 0;
}

Handling strings

Because char is limited to a single character, this is only relevant for the numbers 0-9. If you have a number like “12” stored as a character array or string, you can use the strtol (string to long) function that is part of stdlib in C.

In C:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
    char twelve_str[] = "12";
    char *output;
    long result = strtol(twelve_str, &output, 10) + 1;
    printf("%s + 1 is %ld\n", twelve_str, result);
}

In C++:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {
    char twelve_str[] = "12";
    char *output;
    long result = strtol(twelve_str, &output, 10) + 1;
    printf("%s + 1 is %ld\n", twelve_str, result);
}

The strtol function takes an output pointer as its second argument. In the example above, we don’t need this, and we don’t use our output variable, but in the case when you have an input string containing both numbers and other characters, the output variable will point to the first character after the parsed long.

The function also takes the base as its third argument, so we use 10 in the example above to indicate that the long should be parsed in base 10.

Note that this function will simply cast your variable to 0 in case of any problems. Therefore, the following code will print "twelve + 1 is 1", as it cannot cast the array “twelve” to an integer, and therefore does the sum 0 + 1.

// BAD EXAMPLE
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
    char twelve_str[] = "twelve";
    char *output;
    long result = strtol(twelve_str, &output, 10) + 1;
    printf("%s + 1 is %ld\n", twelve_str, result);
}

You can check for errors by looking at the value of the output variable. For example, if you’re expecting your entire input variable to be parsed into the long, the following will print an error message if all or part of the input could not be parsed.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
    char twelve_str[] = "twelve";
    char *output;
    long result = strtol(twelve_str, &output, 10) + 1;
    if (*output) {
        printf("Error occurred");
    } else {
        printf("%s + 1 is %ld\n", twelve_str, result);
    }
}

Also note that the following functions are deprecated and should not be used. They are shortcut functions to strtol above, which convert to long, integer, and float respectively, and do not require the output variable or the base to be specified (defaulting to base 10).

• atol
• atoi
• atof